Figure3

Figure 3. Processing maps in AM. (A) Conventional processing map for defect-free print represented by laser power and scan velocity as the two main axes. It consists of four regions: keyholing; balling; lack of fusion; printable region. A stable keyhole may be optimal for the build rate and part quality. (B) Normalized process diagrams ^[111] to evaluate the printability of different alloys based on material properties and enthalpy input. (C) Keyhole process diagram ^[69] that describes the boundary where the keyhole becomes unstable. (D) Normalized enthalpy ^[79] to delineate the regions between conduction and keyhole modes in AM. (E) Universal scaling law for keyholes ^[80] to describe the stability and variability of a keyhole based on a 'keyhole number'.