Figure6

Figure 6. (A) Crystal structure of a perovskite with multiple cations, including potassium (K$$ ^{+} $$), rubidium (Rb$$ ^{+} $$), cesium (Cs$$ ^{+} $$), methylammonium (MA$$ ^{+} $$) and formamidinium (FA$$ ^{+} $$). (B) Schematic of HTRobot workflow for automatic synthesis and characterization. The red circles in the bottom panel indicate the five different positions tested on each sample. (C) Detailed workflow of high-throughput operation to evaluate perovskite stability. (D) Photograph of HTRobot system, including (1) a robot arm with four pipettes, (2) a camera and humidity meter, (3) a spectrometer to record the absorbance and photoluminescence, (4) 96-well microplates to mix the precursors, (5) a hotplate, (6) a stock solution of PbI$$ _2 $$, FAI, MAI, CsI and so on, (7) a sample stage, (8) pipette tips, (9) a waste container and (10) a heat sealer to optionally fuse microplates with aluminum foil. Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ show a panoramic view of the setup and top views of the film fabrication and solution preparation, respectively. Reproduced with permission from Zhao et al.^[84] Copyright 2021 Springer Nature.